> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://private-7c7dfe99-mintlify-8c05c8a2.mintlify.site/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Can you PIVOT in ClickHouse?

> ClickHouse doesn't have a PIVOT clause, but we can get close to this functionality using aggregate function combinators. Let's see how to do this using the UK housing prices dataset.

{frontMatter.description}

<h2 id="introduction">
  Introduction
</h2>

ClickHouse has no pivot operator, but we can achieve similar behavior using [aggregate function combinators](/reference/functions/aggregate-functions/combinators) and, in particular, the ones with the [`-Map` suffix](/reference/functions/aggregate-functions/combinators#-map).

In this article, we're going to learn how to do that.
There is also a video covering the same material, which you can see below:

<Frame>
  <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nlRMOmwYtF4?si=0TZSNg-uo7zjiO52" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen />
</Frame>

<h2 id="understanding-aggregate-function-combinators">
  Understanding aggregate function combinators
</h2>

Let's start with a simple example. We're going to use [clickhouse-local](/concepts/features/tools-and-utilities/clickhouse-local), which you can launch by running the following:

```bash theme={null}
clickhouse -m --output_format_pretty_row_numbers=0
```

The following query calls the `sumMap` function, which takes in a map and sums the values of each key:

```sql theme={null}
SELECT sumMap(map('ClickHouse', 1, 'ClickBench', 2));
```

```text theme={null}
┌─sumMap(map('ClickHouse', 1, 'ClickBench', 2))─┐
│ {'ClickBench':2,'ClickHouse':1}               │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```

This isn't a particularly interesting example as it returns the same map that we passed in.
Let's now call `sumMap` over multiple rows of maps;

```sql theme={null}
WITH values AS (
  SELECT map('ClickHouse', 3) AS value
  UNION ALL
  SELECT map('ClickBench', 2, 'ClickHouse', 4) AS value
)
SELECT sumMap(value)
FROM values;
```

```text theme={null}
┌─sumMap(value)───────────────────┐
│ {'ClickBench':2,'ClickHouse':7} │
└─────────────────────────────────┘
```

The key `ClickHouse` appeared on both rows and its values have been summed. The key `ClickBench` was only present on one line, so it sums a single value, which returns that value!

We can also use `maxMap` to find the maximum values per key:

```sql theme={null}
WITH values AS (
  SELECT map('ClickHouse', 3) AS value
  UNION ALL
  SELECT map('ClickBench', 2, 'ClickHouse', 4) AS value
)
SELECT maxMap(value)
FROM values;
```

```text theme={null}
┌─maxMap(value)───────────────────┐
│ {'ClickBench':2,'ClickHouse':4} │
└─────────────────────────────────┘
```

Or we can use `avgMap` to find the average value per key:

```sql theme={null}
WITH values AS (
  SELECT map('ClickHouse', 3) AS value
  UNION ALL
  SELECT map('ClickBench', 2, 'ClickHouse', 4) AS value
)
SELECT avgMap(value)
FROM values;
```

```text theme={null}
┌─avgMap(value)─────────────────────┐
│ {'ClickBench':2,'ClickHouse':3.5} │
└───────────────────────────────────┘
```

Hopefully that's given you an idea of how these function combinators work.

<h2 id="real-world-application-uk-housing-prices-dataset">
  Real-World Application: UK housing prices dataset
</h2>

Now we're going to use them on a bigger dataset in the [ClickHouse SQL playground](https://clickhouse.com/blog/announcing-the-new-sql-playground).

We can connect to the playground using clickhouse-client:

```bash theme={null}
clickhouse client -m \
  -h sql-clickhouse.clickhouse.com \
  -u demo \
  --secure
```

We're going to query the `uk_price_paid` table, so let's explore the data in that table:

```sql theme={null}
SELECT * FROM uk.uk_price_paid LIMIT 1 FORMAT Vertical;
```

```text theme={null}
Row 1:
──────
price:     145000
date:      2008-11-19
postcode1:
postcode2:
type:      semi-detached
is_new:    0
duration:  leasehold
addr1:
addr2:
street:    CURLEW DRIVE
locality:  SCARBOROUGH
town:      SCARBOROUGH
district:  SCARBOROUGH
county:    NORTH YORKSHIRE
category:  0
```

We can see above that the table contains various fields related to property sales in the UK.

<h3 id="grouping-and-aggregating-by-decade">
  Grouping and aggregating by decade
</h3>

Let's work out the median prices grouped by county for each decade in the dataset:

```sql theme={null}
WITH year(toStartOfInterval(date, toIntervalYear(10))) AS year
SELECT
    county,
    medianMap(map(year, price)) AS medianPrices
FROM uk.uk_price_paid
GROUP BY ALL
ORDER BY max(price) DESC
LIMIT 10;
```

```text theme={null}
    ┌─county─────────────┬─medianPrices───────────────────────────────────────┐
 1. │ GREATER LONDON     │ {1990:89972.5,2000:215000,2010:381500,2020:485000} │
 2. │ TYNE AND WEAR      │ {1990:46500,2000:93000,2010:130000,2020:139000}    │
 3. │ WEST MIDLANDS      │ {1990:50000,2000:110000,2010:149950,2020:185000}   │
 4. │ GREATER MANCHESTER │ {1990:47000,2000:97000,2010:141171,2020:178000}    │
 5. │ MERSEYSIDE         │ {1990:46750,2000:94972.5,2010:128000,2020:149000}  │
 6. │ HERTFORDSHIRE      │ {1990:86500,2000:193000,2010:315000,2020:415000}   │
 7. │ WEST YORKSHIRE     │ {1990:48995,2000:99950,2010:139000,2020:164950}    │
 8. │ BRIGHTON AND HOVE  │ {1990:70000,2000:173000,2010:288000,2020:387000}   │
 9. │ DORSET             │ {1990:76500,2000:182000,2010:250000,2020:315000}   │
10. │ HAMPSHIRE          │ {1990:79950,2000:177500,2010:260000,2020:335000}   │
    └────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```

<h3 id="filtering-results">
  Filtering results
</h3>

We can filter the results to only include data from 2010 and on:

```sql theme={null}
WITH year(toStartOfInterval(date, toIntervalYear(10))) AS year
SELECT
    county,
    medianMap(map(year, price)) AS medianPrices
FROM uk.uk_price_paid
WHERE year >= 2010
GROUP BY ALL
ORDER BY max(price) DESC
LIMIT 10;
```

```text theme={null}
    ┌─county─────────────┬─medianPrices────────────────┐
 1. │ GREATER LONDON     │ {2010:384975,2020:485919.5} │
 2. │ TYNE AND WEAR      │ {2010:130000,2020:140000}   │
 3. │ WEST MIDLANDS      │ {2010:146500,2020:185000}   │
 4. │ GREATER MANCHESTER │ {2010:140000,2020:177500}   │
 5. │ MERSEYSIDE         │ {2010:130000,2020:150000}   │
 6. │ HERTFORDSHIRE      │ {2010:315000,2020:415000}   │
 7. │ WEST YORKSHIRE     │ {2010:140000,2020:162500}   │
 8. │ BRIGHTON AND HOVE  │ {2010:287500,2020:387000}   │
 9. │ DORSET             │ {2010:255750,2020:315000}   │
10. │ HAMPSHIRE          │ {2010:265000,2020:330000}   │
    └────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘
```

<h2 id="combining-multiple-aggregations">
  Combining multiple aggregations
</h2>

And if we want to find the maximum price per decade we can do that using the `maxMap` function that we saw earlier:

```sql theme={null}
WITH year(toStartOfInterval(date, toIntervalYear(10))) AS year
SELECT
    county,
    medianMap(map(year, price)) AS medianPrices,
    maxMap(map(year, price)) AS maxPrices
FROM uk.uk_price_paid
WHERE year >= 2010
GROUP BY ALL
ORDER BY max(price) DESC
LIMIT 10;
```

```text theme={null}
    ┌─county─────────────┬─medianPrices──────────────┬─maxPrices───────────────────────┐
 1. │ GREATER LONDON     │ {2010:385000,2020:485250} │ {2010:594300000,2020:630000000} │
 2. │ TYNE AND WEAR      │ {2010:130000,2020:141000} │ {2010:448300979,2020:93395000}  │
 3. │ WEST MIDLANDS      │ {2010:149000,2020:184250} │ {2010:415000000,2020:104500000} │
 4. │ GREATER MANCHESTER │ {2010:140000,2020:175000} │ {2010:107086856,2020:319186000} │
 5. │ MERSEYSIDE         │ {2010:129950,2020:150000} │ {2010:300000000,2020:93395000}  │
 6. │ HERTFORDSHIRE      │ {2010:315000,2020:415000} │ {2010:254325163,2020:93395000}  │
 7. │ WEST YORKSHIRE     │ {2010:138500,2020:165000} │ {2010:246300000,2020:109686257} │
 8. │ BRIGHTON AND HOVE  │ {2010:285000,2020:387000} │ {2010:200000000,2020:71540000}  │
 9. │ DORSET             │ {2010:250000,2020:315000} │ {2010:150000000,2020:20230000}  │
10. │ HAMPSHIRE          │ {2010:264000,2020:330000} │ {2010:150000000,2020:48482500}  │
    └────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────┘
```

<h2 id="applying-functions-to-map-values">
  Applying functions to map values
</h2>

Alternatively, we can compute the average price using `avgMap`.
Those values have a lot of decimal points, which we can clean up by using the [`mapApply`](/reference/functions/regular-functions/tuple-map-functions#mapApply) function to call the [`floor`](/reference/functions/regular-functions/rounding-functions#floor) function on each value in the map:

```sql theme={null}
WITH year(toStartOfInterval(date, toIntervalYear(10))) AS year
SELECT
    county,
    medianMap(map(year, price)) AS medianPrices,
    mapApply((k, v) -> (k, floor(v)), avgMap(map(year, price))) AS avgPrices
FROM uk.uk_price_paid
WHERE year >= 2010
GROUP BY ALL
ORDER BY max(price) DESC
LIMIT 10;
```

```text theme={null}
    ┌─county─────────────┬─medianPrices──────────────┬─avgPrices─────────────────┐
 1. │ GREATER LONDON     │ {2010:382000,2020:490000} │ {2010:626091,2020:807240} │
 2. │ TYNE AND WEAR      │ {2010:127000,2020:140000} │ {2010:176955,2020:225770} │
 3. │ WEST MIDLANDS      │ {2010:148500,2020:183000} │ {2010:204128,2020:257226} │
 4. │ GREATER MANCHESTER │ {2010:140000,2020:177500} │ {2010:195592,2020:251165} │
 5. │ MERSEYSIDE         │ {2010:127995,2020:150000} │ {2010:182194,2020:206062} │
 6. │ HERTFORDSHIRE      │ {2010:317500,2020:415000} │ {2010:414134,2020:529409} │
 7. │ WEST YORKSHIRE     │ {2010:140000,2020:164500} │ {2010:185121,2020:234870} │
 8. │ BRIGHTON AND HOVE  │ {2010:285000,2020:387000} │ {2010:372285,2020:527184} │
 9. │ DORSET             │ {2010:250000,2020:315000} │ {2010:305581,2020:370739} │
10. │ HAMPSHIRE          │ {2010:265000,2020:330000} │ {2010:335945,2020:425196} │
    └────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┘
```

<h2 id="flexible-grouping-counties-districts-and-postcodes">
  Flexible grouping: counties, districts, and postcodes
</h2>

Let's try to group by some different fields.
This time we're going to compute the median price per decade grouped by county and district:

```sql theme={null}
WITH year(toStartOfInterval(date, toIntervalYear(10))) AS year
SELECT
    county,
    district,
    medianMap(map(year, price)) AS medianPrices
FROM uk.uk_price_paid
WHERE year >= 2010
GROUP BY ALL
ORDER BY max(price) DESC
LIMIT 10
```

```text theme={null}
    ┌─county─────────────┬─district───────────────┬─medianPrices────────────────┐
 1. │ GREATER LONDON     │ CROYDON                │ {2010:298475,2020:400000}   │
 2. │ GREATER LONDON     │ CITY OF WESTMINSTER    │ {2010:800000,2020:935000}   │
 3. │ GREATER LONDON     │ SOUTHWARK              │ {2010:437000,2020:540000}   │
 4. │ TYNE AND WEAR      │ NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE    │ {2010:144000,2020:162500}   │
 5. │ WEST MIDLANDS      │ WALSALL                │ {2010:137450,2020:162000}   │
 6. │ GREATER LONDON     │ CITY OF LONDON         │ {2010:725875,2020:840000}   │
 7. │ GREATER LONDON     │ HILLINGDON             │ {2010:329125,2020:439000}   │
 8. │ GREATER MANCHESTER │ MANCHESTER             │ {2010:144972.5,2020:190000} │
 9. │ GREATER LONDON     │ HAMMERSMITH AND FULHAM │ {2010:622250,2020:750000}   │
10. │ GREATER LONDON     │ ISLINGTON              │ {2010:500000,2020:640000}   │
    └────────────────────┴────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘
```

We could also choose to group by year and then concatenate `postcode1` and `postcode2` in the map:

```sql theme={null}
WITH year(toStartOfInterval(date, toIntervalYear(10))) AS year
SELECT
    year,
    medianMap(map(postcode1 || ' ' || postcode2, price)) AS medianPrices
FROM uk.uk_price_paid
WHERE postcode1 LIKE 'NP1'
GROUP BY ALL;
```

```text theme={null}
   ┌─year─┬─medianPrices────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
1. │ 1990 │ {'NP1 4PB':9000}                                                    │
2. │ 2000 │ {'NP1 4SR':28475,'NP1 7HZ':200000}                                  │
3. │ 2010 │ {'NP1 4PB':5000,'NP1 4QJ':1075000,'NP1 4SR':58000,'NP1 8BR':200000} │
4. │ 2020 │ {'NP1 5DW':140000}                                                  │
   └──────┴─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```